{"id":2966,"date":"2026-08-06T13:02:23","date_gmt":"2026-08-06T05:02:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/?p=2966"},"modified":"2026-08-28T10:17:47","modified_gmt":"2026-08-28T02:17:47","slug":"wide-and-narrow-spectrum-laser-ultrasonics-for-fatigue-crack-detection-using-nonlinear-modulation-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/?p=2966","title":{"rendered":"Wide and Narrow-Spectrum Laser Ultrasonics for Fatigue Crack Detection Using Nonlinear Modulation Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2966\" class=\"elementor elementor-2966\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4db1d620 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4db1d620\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40142da5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"40142da5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-788f8bd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"788f8bd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<article style=\"font-family:sans-serif; color:#333; line-height:1.6; background:#ffffff;\">\r\n    <h1 style=\"font-size:22px; font-weight:bold; color:#111; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:20px; line-height:1.3;\">Wide and Narrow-Spectrum Laser Ultrasonics for Fatigue Crack Detection Using Nonlinear Modulation Analysis<\/h1>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><ul style=\"list-style:none; padding:0; margin:0 0 20px 0;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Nazirah Ab Wahab<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Chindada Sony<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">Institute of Thermomechanics of the CAS, v. v. i., Dolej\u0161kova 1402\/5, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/section>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:5px; color:#222;\">DOI:<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_S_000036\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_S_000036<\/a><\/section>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:5px; color:#222;\">Keywords:<\/div><div style=\"font-size:14px;\">Laser Ultrasonics, Nonlinear Ultrasonic Modulation, Finite Element Method, Fatigue Crack Detection, Structural Health Monitoring<\/div><\/section>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:5px; color:#222;\">Abstract<\/div><div style=\"font-size:14px; text-align:justify; color:#333; line-height:1.6;\">Laser ultrasonic technique is widely applied in non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring (SHM) for the broadband generation of ultrasonic waves. However, controlling the spectral content of the laser-generated waves can enhance the sensitivity of damage detection. In this study, a finite element model is developed to investigate how laser beam diameter influences ultrasonic wave generation. A small beam diameter is used to produce a wide-spectrum (WS) response, while a larger beam generates a narrow-spectrum (NS) response. The two independent ultrasonic responses are then combined to form a dual-laser excitation approach. When a structure contains fatigue damage, nonlinear ultrasonic modulation occurs between the WS and NS responses, leading to the generation of sidebands. A spectral energy-based index is employed to quantify these sidebands and identify fatigue-induced nonlinearity. The results confirm that the proposed dual-laser ultrasonics method improves sensitivity to fatigue cracks compared to conventional single laser excitation.<\/div><\/section>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:10px; color:#222;\">References<\/div><div style=\"font-size:14px; color:#333; background:#ffffff; padding:0; text-align:justify;\">\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Alnuaimi, H., Amjad, U., Alnuaimi, Y., & Kundu, T. (2025). Combining ultrasonic pulse velocity and nonlinear ultrasonic techniques to assess concrete strength. ASME Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, 8(3).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Baldwin, K., Berndt, T., & Ehrlich, M. (1999). Narrowband laser generation\/air coupled detection: Ultrasonic system for on-line process control of composites. Ultrasonics, 37(5), 329\u2013334.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Dixon, S., Burrows, S., Dutton, B., & Fan, Y. (2010). Detection of cracks in metal sheets using pulsed laser generated ultrasound and EMAT detection. Ultrasonics, 51, 7\u201316.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Huang, J., Krishnaswamy, S., & Achenbach, D. (1992). Laser generation of narrow-band surface waves. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 92, 2527\u20132531.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Liu, P., & Sohn, H. (2017). Development of nonlinear spectral correlation between ultrasonic modulation components. NDT & E International, 91, 120\u2013128.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Liu, P., Jang, J., & Sohn, H. (2018). Fatigue crack detection using dual laser induced nonlinear ultrasonic modulation. Optics and Lasers in Engineering.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Liu, P., Nazirah, A., & Sohn, H. (2016). Numerical simulation of damage detection using laser-generated ultrasound. Ultrasonics, 69, 248\u2013258.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Liu, P., Sohn, H., & Park, B. (2015). Baseline-free damage visualization using noncontact laser nonlinear ultrasonics and state space geometrical changes. Smart Materials and Structures, 24(6), 065036.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Liu, P., Sohn, H., Kundu, T., & Yang, S. (2014). Noncontact detection of fatigue cracks by laser nonlinear wave modulation spectroscopy (LNWMS). NDT & E International, 66, 106\u2013116.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Mezil, S., Chigarev, N., Tournat, V., & Gusev, V. (2016). Evaluation of crack parameters by a nonlinear frequency-mixing laser ultrasonics method. Ultrasonics, 69, 225\u2013235.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Murray, T., Deaton, J., Jr., & Wagner, J. (1996). Experimental evaluation of enhanced generation of ultrasonic waves using an array of laser sources. Ultrasonics, 34(1), 69\u201377.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Park, B., An, Y., & Sohn, H. (2014). Visualization of hidden delamination and debonding in composites through noncontact laser ultrasonic scanning. Composites Science and Technology, 100, 10\u201318.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Ruzzene, M. (2007). Frequency-wavenumber domain filtering for improved damage visualization. Smart Materials and Structures, 16(6), 2116\u20132129.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Scruby, C., & Drain, L. (1990). Laser Ultrasonics: Techniques and Applications. London: Taylor & Francis.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Sohn, H., Dutta, D., Yang, J., Desimo, M., Olson, S., & Swenson, E. (2011). Automated detection of delamination and disbond from wavefield images obtained using a scanning laser vibrometer. Smart Materials and Structures, 20(4), 045017.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Wagner, J., Mckie, A., Spicer, J., & Deaton, J., Jr. (1990). Modulated laser array sources for generation of narrowband and directed ultrasound. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, 9, 263\u2013370.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Yashiro, S., Takatsubo, J., Miyauchi, H., & Toyama, N. (2008). A novel technique for visualizing ultrasound waves in general solid media by pulsed laser scan. NDT & E International, 41, 137\u2013144.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Zaitsev, V., Matveev, L., & Matveyev, A. (2009). On the ultimate sensitivity of nonlinear-modulation method of crack detection. NDT & E International, 42, 622\u2013629.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Zhu, J., Zeng, S., Malone, C., Tu, J., & Sun, H. (2025). Thermal modulation of nonlinear ultrasonic waves for nondestructive evaluation of elastic materials. Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation.<\/p>\r\n<\/div><\/section>\r\n<\/article>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b270fdb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b270fdb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-505d0eb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"505d0eb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<aside style=\"font-family:sans-serif; color:#333; line-height:1.6; background:#ffffff;\">\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/1.-JSCET_S_000036.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; gap:8px; width:100%; text-align:center; background:#ffffff; color:#800080; border:2px solid #800080; padding:10px 0; text-decoration:none; border-radius:4px; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px; margin-bottom:20px; box-sizing:border-box;\">\r\n        <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#800080\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"><\/path><polyline points=\"7 10 12 15 17 10\"><\/polyline><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"15\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"3\"><\/line><\/svg>\r\n        PDF \/ DOWNLOAD\r\n    <\/a>\r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\"><strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase;\">Published<\/strong><div>31-03-2026<\/div><\/div>\r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\"><strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase;\">Issue<\/strong><div>Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): JSCET March Issue 1<\/div><\/div>\r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\"><strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase;\">Section<\/strong><div>Articles<\/div><\/div>\r\n    \r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\">\r\n        <strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase; margin-bottom:6px;\">How to Cite<\/strong>\r\n        \r\n        <div id=\"jscet_citation_box\" style=\"margin-bottom:10px; font-size:14px; line-height:1.5; color:#222; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere; text-align:justify;\">\r\n            <div id=\"cite_APA\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:block;\">Wahab, N. A., & Sony, C. (2026). Wide and Narrow-Spectrum Laser Ultrasonics for Fatigue Crack Detection Using Nonlinear Modulation Analysis. <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>, 5(1), 1-13. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_S_000036\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_S_000036<\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_ACM\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">N. A. Wahab, C. Sony. 2026. Wide and Narrow-Spectrum Laser Ultrasonics for Fatigue Crack Detection Using Nonlinear Modulation Analysis. <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>. 5, 1 (2026), 1-13. DOI:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_S_000036\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_S_000036<\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_ABNT\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">WAHAB, N. A.; SONY, C.. Wide and Narrow-Spectrum Laser Ultrasonics for Fatigue Crack Detection Using Nonlinear Modulation Analysis. <b>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/b>, v. 5, n. 1, p. 1-13, 2026.<\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_Chicago\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">Wahab, N. A., & Sony, C.. \"Wide and Narrow-Spectrum Laser Ultrasonics for Fatigue Crack Detection Using Nonlinear Modulation Analysis.\" <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i> 5, no. 1 (2026): 1-13. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_S_000036\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_S_000036<\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_Harvard\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">Wahab, N. A., & Sony, C., 2026. Wide and Narrow-Spectrum Laser Ultrasonics for Fatigue Crack Detection Using Nonlinear Modulation Analysis. <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>, 5(1), pp.1-13.<\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_IEEE\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">N. A. Wahab, C. Sony, \"Wide and Narrow-Spectrum Laser Ultrasonics for Fatigue Crack Detection Using Nonlinear Modulation Analysis,\" <i>J. Sust. Civ. Eng. Tech.<\/i>, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2026. doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_S_000036\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_S_000036<\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_MLA\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">Wahab, Nazirah Ab, et al.. \"Wide and Narrow-Spectrum Laser Ultrasonics for Fatigue Crack Detection Using Nonlinear Modulation Analysis.\" <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>, vol. 5, no. 1, 2026, pp. 1-13.<\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div style=\"border:1px solid #ddd; border-radius:4px; background:#ffffff; overflow:hidden;\">\r\n            <div style=\"padding:8px 12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12px; color:#555; background:#f8f9fa; border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">More Citation Formats<\/div>\r\n            <div style=\"padding:6px 0;\">\r\n                <select onchange=\"(function(e){var items=document.querySelectorAll('.jscet-cite-item');for(var i=0;i<items.length;i++){items[i].style.display='none';}var selected=document.getElementById('cite_'+e.value);if(selected){selected.style.display='block';}})(this)\" style=\"width:92%; margin:4px 4%; padding:6px; font-size:13px; border:1px solid #ccc; border-radius:3px;\">\r\n                    <option value=\"APA\" selected>APA (Default)<\/option>\r\n                    <option value=\"ACM\">ACM<\/option>\r\n                    <option value=\"ABNT\">ABNT<\/option>\r\n                    <option value=\"Chicago\">Chicago<\/option>\r\n                    <option value=\"Harvard\">Harvard<\/option>\r\n                    <option value=\"IEEE\">IEEE<\/option>\r\n                    <option value=\"MLA\">MLA<\/option>\r\n                <\/select>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div style=\"border-top:1px solid #eee; padding:8px 12px; background:#fafafa;\">\r\n                <div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:11px; color:#777; text-transform:uppercase; margin-bottom:6px;\">Download Citation<\/div>\r\n                <div style=\"display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:4px; font-size:13px;\">\r\n                    <a href=\"data:text\/plain;charset=utf-8,TY%20%20-%20JOUR%0ATI%20%20-%20Wide%20and%20Narrow-Spectrum%20Laser%20Ultrasonics%20for%20Fatigue%20Crack%20Detection%20Using%20Nonlinear%20Modulation%20Analysis%0AJO%20%20-%20Journal%20of%20Sustainable%20Civil%20Engineering%20and%20Technology%0APY%20%20-%202026%0AVL%20%20-%205%0AIS%20%20-%201%0ASP%20%20-%201-13%0ADO%20%20-%20https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24191%2Fjscet.v5i1.JSCET_S_000036%0AER%20%20-\" download=\"citation.ris\" style=\"color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none;\">\ud83d\udce5 EndNote \/ Zotero \/ Mendeley (RIS)<\/a>\r\n                    <a href=\"data:text\/plain;charset=utf-8,%40article%7Bjscet_2026%2C%0A%20%20title%3D%7BWide%20and%20Narrow-Spectrum%20Laser%20Ultrasonics%20for%20Fatigue%20Crack%20Detection%20Using%20Nonlinear%20Modulation%20Analysis%7D%2C%0A%20%20author%3D%7BNazirah%20Ab%20Wahab%20and%20Chindada%20Sony%7D%2C%0A%20%20journal%3D%7BJournal%20of%20Sustainable%20Civil%20Engineering%20and%20Technology%7D%2C%0A%20%20volume%3D%7B5%7D%2C%0A%20%20number%3D%7B1%7D%2C%0A%20%20pages%3D%7B1-13%7D%2C%0A%20%20year%3D%7B2026%7D%2C%0A%20%20doi%3D%7Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24191%2Fjscet.v5i1.JSCET_S_000036%7D%0A%7D\" download=\"citation.bib\" style=\"color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none;\">\ud83d\udce5 BibTeX<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Wide and Narrow-Spectrum Laser Ultrasonics for Fatigue Crack Detection Using Nonlinear Modulation Analysis Nazirah Ab WahabFaculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Chindada SonyInstitute of Thermomechanics of the CAS, v. v. i., Dolej\u0161kova 1402\/5, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_S_000036 Keywords:Laser Ultrasonics, Nonlinear Ultrasonic Modulation, Finite Element Method, Fatigue [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2966","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-structures-and-construction-technology","category-volume-5-issue-1"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2966","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2966"}],"version-history":[{"count":49,"href":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2966\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4228,"href":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2966\/revisions\/4228"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2966"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2966"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2966"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}