{"id":3293,"date":"2026-08-12T16:48:17","date_gmt":"2026-08-12T08:48:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/?p=3293"},"modified":"2026-08-28T10:19:22","modified_gmt":"2026-08-28T02:19:22","slug":"jscet_g_000012","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/?p=3293","title":{"rendered":"Settlement Monitoring of Georehabilitation Solution at Bridge and Culvert Approaches using Polyurethane Foam Injection System"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3293\" class=\"elementor elementor-3293\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-682ec37c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"682ec37c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-519e8cc6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"519e8cc6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8536dfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8536dfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<article style=\"font-family:sans-serif; color:#333; line-height:1.6; background:#ffffff;\">\r\n    <h1 style=\"font-size:22px; font-weight:bold; color:#111; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:20px; line-height:1.3;\">Settlement Monitoring of Georehabilitation Solution at Bridge and Culvert Approaches using Polyurethane Foam Injection System<\/h1>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><ul style=\"list-style:none; padding:0; margin:0 0 20px 0;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Ismacahyadi Bagus Mohamed Jais<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">GeoForenSIG, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Abdul Samad Abdul Rahman<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">GeoForenSIG, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Fairul Zahri Mohamad Abas<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">Bridge Unit, Cawangan Jalan, Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia, Menara PJD, Jln Tun Razak, Sentul Selatan, 50400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Nurul Eilmy Zainuddin<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">Cawangan Kejuruteraan Geoteknik, Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia, Menara PJD, Jln Tun Razak, Sentul Selatan, 50400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Mohamed Azizi Md Ali<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">Geocon (M) Sdn Bhd, Lot 35, The Ideos Corporate Park, Lorong Sungai Puloh 8\/KU6, Aman Perdana, 42200 Klang, Selangor, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/section>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:5px; color:#222;\">DOI:<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_G_000012\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_G_000012<\/a><\/section>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:5px; color:#222;\">Keywords:<\/div><div style=\"font-size:14px;\">Bridge Approach, Culvert Approach, Differential Settlement, Georehabilitation, Polyurethane Foam<\/div><\/section>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:5px; color:#222;\">Abstract<\/div><div style=\"font-size:14px; text-align:justify; color:#333; line-height:1.6;\">Differential settlement at transition approaches has caused major problems to road users whereby the kink at the approach section could affect the riding ability and discomfort. The issues relating to differential settlement is due to high dynamic impact from heavy traffic loads, consolidation settlement of the foundation soil, poor compaction and migration of the earth fill underneath the voids of the piled embankment or bridge abutment created from global settlement of the surrounding area. The proposed solution mostly resorts to the reconstruction of the approaches, thereby requires excavation and construction of transition or approach slabs. In this paper, an alternative solution using polyurethane (PU) foam injection system was introduced to reduce the effect of differential settlement at the approach bridges and culverts, thus provide minimal disruption to traffic users and operations. The objectives of the proposed georehabilitation solution are i) to reduce the effect of soil migration and settlement underneath the transition section; and ii) to stabilize the ground by increasing the bearing resistance without increasing the existing overburden pressure to the foundation soil. Settlement monitoring was conducted to ensure that the solution performs to the required specification. This paper will provide results for two (2) locations at FT005, Kuala Selangor Federal Road, specifically, the Kuala Selangor bridge approach and the Sungai Gulang-Gulang culvert approach. The results showed that there is significant reduction in the differential settlement of the approach sections, hence the need to resurface or regulate the pavement for routine maintenance is needed.<\/div><\/section>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:10px; color:#222;\">References<\/div><div style=\"font-size:14px; color:#333; background:#ffffff; padding:0; text-align:justify;\">\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Gladysz, G. M., & Chawla, K. K. (2021). Characteristic and properties of porous materials in voids in materials (2nd ed.). Elsevier.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Jabatan Kerja Raya. (2019). NTJ 39\/2019: Manual of Bridge Approach Differential Settlement Improvement. JKR, Malaysia.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Jais, I. B. M., Md. Ali, M. A., & Muhamad, H. (2015a). Alternative ground improvement solution with polyurethane foam\/resin. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Civil and Infrastructure Engineering Conference (pp. 425\u2013440).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Jais, I. B. M., Md. Ali, M. A., & Muhamad, H. (2015b). Polyurethane foam\/resin for immediate solution to ground repair and modification. 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Minerals and Geoscience Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Lat, D. C., Jais, I. B. M., Tawaf, M. K., & Razali, R. (2015). Performance comparison between polyurethane injection pile and slab system against lightweight concrete as a ground improvement using finite element analysis. Journal of Applied Sciences Research.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Lat, D. C., Ali, N., Jais, I. B. M., & Yunus, N. Z. M. (2020). A review of polyurethane as a ground improvement method. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 16(1), 70\u201374.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Lat, D. C., Mohamed Jais, I. B., Ahmad, N. H., Abdullah, M., Razali, R., Mohd Noor, S. N. A., & Rahman, N. S. A. (2021). The shear strength and electron microscopy of laterite soil with the intrusion of polyurethane. AIP Conference Proceedings. American Institute of Physics.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Nedal, A. M., Sharifah, M. S. A., & Johari, M. A. (2007). Land use evaluation for Malaysia\u2019s Kuala Selangor using remote sensing and GIS technologies. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 3, 1\u201319.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Okiemute, E. S., Nnonyelu, O. M., & Fatai, O. O. (2018). Monitoring and analysis of vertical and horizontal deformations of a large structure using conventional geodetic techniques. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 8(12), 51\u201361.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Wikipedia contributors. (2022). Malaysia Federal Route 5. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Zainuddin, N. E., Suparmanto, E. K., Mohamed Jais, I. B., & Nagendran, S. K. (2021). The application of alternative polyurethane (PU) foam injection at bridge and culvert approaches \u2013 Case studies at Route FT005. In 3rd JKR Research Colloquium 2021. Centre of Excellence for Engineering and Technology JKR (CREaTE).<\/p>\r\n<\/div><\/section>\r\n<\/article>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40bf8af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"40bf8af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-273050f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"273050f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<aside style=\"font-family:sans-serif; color:#333; line-height:1.6; background:#ffffff;\">\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/6.-JSCET_G_000012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; gap:8px; width:100%; text-align:center; background:#ffffff; color:#800080; border:2px solid #800080; padding:10px 0; text-decoration:none; border-radius:4px; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px; margin-bottom:20px; box-sizing:border-box;\">\r\n        <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#800080\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"><\/path><polyline points=\"7 10 12 15 17 10\"><\/polyline><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"15\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"3\"><\/line><\/svg>\r\n        PDF \/ DOWNLOAD\r\n    <\/a>\r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\"><strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase;\">Published<\/strong><div>31-03-2026<\/div><\/div>\r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\"><strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase;\">Issue<\/strong><div>Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): JSCET March Issue 1<\/div><\/div>\r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\"><strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase;\">Section<\/strong><div>Articles<\/div><\/div>\r\n    \r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\">\r\n        <strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase; margin-bottom:6px;\">How to Cite<\/strong>\r\n        \r\n        <div id=\"jscet_citation_box\" style=\"margin-bottom:10px; font-size:14px; line-height:1.5; color:#222; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere; text-align:justify;\">\r\n            <div id=\"cite_APA\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:block;\">Jais, I. B. M., et al. (2026). Settlement Monitoring of Georehabilitation Solution at Bridge and Culvert Approaches using Polyurethane Foam Injection System. <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>, 5(1), 58-68. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_G_000012\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_G_000012<\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_ACM\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">I. B. M. Jais, A. S. A. Rahman, F. Z. M. Abas, N. E. Zainuddin, M. A. M. Ali. 2026. Settlement Monitoring of Georehabilitation Solution at Bridge and Culvert Approaches using Polyurethane Foam Injection System. <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>. 5, 1 (2026), 58-68. DOI:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_G_000012\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_G_000012<\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_ABNT\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">JAIS, I. B. M.; RAHMAN, A. S. A.; ABAS, F. Z. M.; ZAINUDDIN, N. E.; ALI, M. A. M.. Settlement Monitoring of Georehabilitation Solution at Bridge and Culvert Approaches using Polyurethane Foam Injection System. <b>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/b>, v. 5, n. 1, p. 58-68, 2026.<\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_Chicago\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">Jais, I. B. M., et al.. \"Settlement Monitoring of Georehabilitation Solution at Bridge and Culvert Approaches using Polyurethane Foam Injection System.\" <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i> 5, no. 1 (2026): 58-68. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_G_000012\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_G_000012<\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_Harvard\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">Jais, I. B. M., et al., 2026. Settlement Monitoring of Georehabilitation Solution at Bridge and Culvert Approaches using Polyurethane Foam Injection System. <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>, 5(1), pp.58-68.<\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_IEEE\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">I. B. M. Jais, A. S. A. Rahman, F. Z. M. Abas, N. E. Zainuddin, M. A. M. Ali, \"Settlement Monitoring of Georehabilitation Solution at Bridge and Culvert Approaches using Polyurethane Foam Injection System,\" <i>J. Sust. Civ. Eng. Tech.<\/i>, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 58-68, 2026. doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_G_000012\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.JSCET_G_000012<\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_MLA\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">Jais, Ismacahyadi Bagus Mohamed, et al.. \"Settlement Monitoring of Georehabilitation Solution at Bridge and Culvert Approaches using Polyurethane Foam Injection System.\" <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>, vol. 5, no. 1, 2026, pp. 58-68.<\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div style=\"border:1px solid #ddd; border-radius:4px; background:#ffffff; overflow:hidden;\">\r\n            <div style=\"padding:8px 12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12px; color:#555; background:#f8f9fa; border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">More Citation Formats<\/div>\r\n            <div style=\"padding:6px 0;\">\r\n                <select onchange=\"(function(e){var items=document.querySelectorAll('.jscet-cite-item');for(var i=0;i<items.length;i++){items[i].style.display='none';}var selected=document.getElementById('cite_'+e.value);if(selected){selected.style.display='block';}})(this)\" style=\"width:92%; 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