{"id":3325,"date":"2026-08-17T09:47:43","date_gmt":"2026-08-17T01:47:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/?p=3325"},"modified":"2026-08-28T10:19:44","modified_gmt":"2026-08-28T02:19:44","slug":"simulation-and-settlement-monitoring-from-geoforensic-investigation-and-geotechnical-rehabilitation-of-bridge-approach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/?p=3325","title":{"rendered":"Simulation and Settlement Monitoring from Geoforensic Investigation and Geotechnical Rehabilitation of Bridge Approach"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3325\" class=\"elementor elementor-3325\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d66ddc2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3d66ddc2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1735f5cc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1735f5cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e93b676 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"6e93b676\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<article style=\"font-family:sans-serif; color:#333; line-height:1.6; background:#ffffff;\">\r\n    <h1 style=\"font-size:22px; font-weight:bold; color:#111; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:20px; line-height:1.3;\">Simulation and Settlement Monitoring from Geoforensic Investigation and Geotechnical Rehabilitation of Bridge Approach<\/h1>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><ul style=\"list-style:none; padding:0; margin:0 0 20px 0;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Ismacahyadi Bagus Mohamed Jais<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">GeoForenSIG, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Abdul Samad Abdul Rahman<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">GeoForenSIG, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Rafiee Abdul Razak<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">SKVE Holdings Sdn Bhd, Pejabat Pentadbiran SKVE, KM 27, Arah Timur, Lebuhraya Lembah Klang Selatan Tanjung Dua Belas, 42600 Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Saravanan Selvarajah<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">SKVE Holdings Sdn Bhd, Pejabat Pentadbiran SKVE, KM 27, Arah Timur, Lebuhraya Lembah Klang Selatan Tanjung Dua Belas, 42600 Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Ibrahim Husaini<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">SKVE Holdings Sdn Bhd, Pejabat Pentadbiran SKVE, KM 27, Arah Timur, Lebuhraya Lembah Klang Selatan Tanjung Dua Belas, 42600 Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Mohamed Azizi Md Ali<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">Geocon (M) Sdn Bhd, Lot 35, The Ideos Corporate Park, Lorong Sungai Puloh 8\/KU6, Aman Perdana, 42200 Klang, Selangor, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/section>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:5px; color:#222;\">DOI:<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.8\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.8<\/a><\/section>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:5px; color:#222;\">Keywords:<\/div><div style=\"font-size:14px;\">Differential Settlement, Finite Element Analysis, Geoforensic Investigation, Transition Approach, Settlement Monitoring<\/div><\/section>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:5px; color:#222;\">Abstract<\/div><div style=\"font-size:14px; text-align:justify; color:#333; line-height:1.6;\">Transition approach settlement has always caused major problems, not only to the concessionaires, but also to the public. Maintenance budget of concessionaires has sky rocketed since the cost of pavement resurfacing and regulating increase every year due to routine works to improve and reduce the effect of differential settlement. The need to investigate and evaluate these transition approaches require detail preliminary and geoforensic investigation. The objectives of this investigation are a) to identify the cause of settlement at transition approach between the piled and the earth fill road embankments and b) to determine the settlement post construction. The preliminary and geoforensic investigations were conducted at South Klang Valley Expressway (SKVE) bridge BR12, specifically at abutment B and a proposed geotechnical rehabilitation, together with settlement monitoring were executed to evaluate the performance post rehabilitation. The finite element analysis is in good agreements with the monitoring data, two (2) years after the service of the expressway, hence a prediction was made to evaluate the suitability of the proposed solution, to ensure that it meets the requirements as stipulated by the Malaysian Highway Authority (MHA). In addition, settlement monitoring up to 15 months was executed to see the actual performance of the geotechnical rehabilitation solution. It is observed that the settlement post rehabilitation is within the tolerance as specified by MHA. The geotechnical rehabilitation solution does not involve major excavation and the work carried out is fast and economical, thus prolong the need to execute pavement surface maintenance by the concessionaire.<\/div><\/section>\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:10px; color:#222;\">References<\/div><div style=\"font-size:14px; color:#333; background:#ffffff; padding:0; text-align:justify;\">\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">British Standards Institution. (2015). BS 5930:2015, The code of practice for site investigations. London, UK.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">GCO. (1991). 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Rapid remediation using polyurethane foam\/resin grout in Malaysia. Geotechnical Research, 4(2), 107\u2013117.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Mohamed Jais, I. B., Md. Ali, M. A., & Muhamad, H. (2015). Alternative ground improvement solution with polyurethane foam\/resin. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Civil and Infrastructure Engineering Conference (pp. 425\u2013440).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Okiemute, E. S., Nnonyelu, O. M., & Fatai, O. O. (2018). Monitoring and analysis of vertical and horizontal deformations of a large structure using conventional geodetic techniques. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 8(12), 51\u201361.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Terzaghi, K., & Peck, R. (1967). Soil mechanics in engineering practice (2nd ed.). John Wiley, New York.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Wikipedia contributors. (2022). South Klang Valley Expressway. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.<\/p>\r\n<\/div><\/section>\r\n<\/article>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61369a23 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61369a23\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e39a299 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1e39a299\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<aside style=\"font-family:sans-serif; color:#333; line-height:1.6; background:#ffffff;\">\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/JSCET_G_000013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; gap:8px; width:100%; text-align:center; background:#ffffff; color:#800080; border:2px solid #800080; padding:10px 0; text-decoration:none; border-radius:4px; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px; margin-bottom:20px; box-sizing:border-box;\">\r\n        <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#800080\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"><\/path><polyline points=\"7 10 12 15 17 10\"><\/polyline><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"15\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"3\"><\/line><\/svg>\r\n        PDF \/ DOWNLOAD\r\n    <\/a>\r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\"><strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase;\">Published<\/strong><div>31-03-2026<\/div><\/div>\r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\"><strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase;\">Issue<\/strong><div>Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): JSCET March Issue 1<\/div><\/div>\r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\"><strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase;\">Section<\/strong><div>Articles<\/div><\/div>\r\n    \r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\">\r\n        <strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase; margin-bottom:6px;\">How to Cite<\/strong>\r\n        \r\n        <div id=\"jscet_citation_box\" style=\"margin-bottom:10px; font-size:14px; line-height:1.5; color:#222; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere; text-align:justify;\">\r\n            <div id=\"cite_APA\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:block;\">Jais, I. B. M., et al. (2026). Simulation and Settlement Monitoring from Geoforensic Investigation and Geotechnical Rehabilitation of Bridge Approach. <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>, 5(1), 82-99. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.8\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.8<\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_ACM\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">I. B. M. Jais, A. S. A. Rahman, R. A. Razak, S. Selvarajah, I. Husaini, M. A. M. Ali. 2026. Simulation and Settlement Monitoring from Geoforensic Investigation and Geotechnical Rehabilitation of Bridge Approach. <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>. 5, 1 (2026), 82-99. DOI:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.8\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.8<\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_ABNT\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">JAIS, I. B. M.; RAHMAN, A. S. A.; RAZAK, R. A.; SELVARAJAH, S.; HUSAINI, I.; ALI, M. A. M.. Simulation and Settlement Monitoring from Geoforensic Investigation and Geotechnical Rehabilitation of Bridge Approach. <b>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/b>, v. 5, n. 1, p. 82-99, 2026.<\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_Chicago\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">Jais, I. B. M., et al.. \"Simulation and Settlement Monitoring from Geoforensic Investigation and Geotechnical Rehabilitation of Bridge Approach.\" <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i> 5, no. 1 (2026): 82-99. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.8\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.8<\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_Harvard\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">Jais, I. B. M., et al., 2026. Simulation and Settlement Monitoring from Geoforensic Investigation and Geotechnical Rehabilitation of Bridge Approach. <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>, 5(1), pp.82-99.<\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_IEEE\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">I. B. M. Jais, A. S. A. Rahman, R. A. Razak, S. Selvarajah, I. Husaini, M. A. M. Ali, \"Simulation and Settlement Monitoring from Geoforensic Investigation and Geotechnical Rehabilitation of Bridge Approach,\" <i>J. Sust. Civ. Eng. Tech.<\/i>, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 82-99, 2026. doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.8\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v5i1.8<\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div id=\"cite_MLA\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">Jais, Ismacahyadi Bagus Mohamed, et al.. \"Simulation and Settlement Monitoring from Geoforensic Investigation and Geotechnical Rehabilitation of Bridge Approach.\" <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>, vol. 5, no. 1, 2026, pp. 82-99.<\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div style=\"border:1px solid #ddd; border-radius:4px; background:#ffffff; overflow:hidden;\">\r\n            <div style=\"padding:8px 12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12px; color:#555; background:#f8f9fa; border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">More Citation Formats<\/div>\r\n            <div style=\"padding:6px 0;\">\r\n                <select onchange=\"(function(e){var items=document.querySelectorAll('.jscet-cite-item');for(var i=0;i<items.length;i++){items[i].style.display='none';}var selected=document.getElementById('cite_'+e.value);if(selected){selected.style.display='block';}})(this)\" style=\"width:92%; 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