{"id":3795,"date":"2026-08-18T09:25:33","date_gmt":"2026-08-18T01:25:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/?p=3795"},"modified":"2026-08-18T09:32:36","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T01:32:36","slug":"prediction-of-long-term-offshore-structural-responses-based-on-non-linear-wave-modeling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/?p=3795","title":{"rendered":"Prediction of Long-Term Offshore Structural Responses Based on Non-linear Wave Modeling"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3795\" class=\"elementor elementor-3795\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2969d249 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2969d249\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c0930af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c0930af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dcf10ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3dcf10ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<article style=\"font-family:sans-serif; color:#333; line-height:1.6; background:#ffffff;\">\r\n\r\n    <h1 style=\"font-size:22px; font-weight:bold; color:#111; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:20px; line-height:1.3;\">Prediction of Long-Term Offshore Structural Responses Based on Non-linear Wave Modeling<\/h1>\r\n\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><ul style=\"list-style:none; padding:0; margin:0 0 20px 0;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Nurul \u2018Azizah Mukhlas<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Noor Irza Mohd Zaki<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Mohd Khairi Abu Husain<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Sayyid Zainal Abidin Syed Ahmad<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Ng Chiew Teng<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Mohamad Shazwan Ahmad Shah<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Sarehati Umar<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom:12px;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#800080;\">Norhazilan Md Noor<\/span><span style=\"display:block; font-size:14px; color:#666;\">Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/section>\r\n\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:5px; color:#222;\">DOI:<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v2i2.14-27\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v2i2.14-27<\/a><\/section>\r\n\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:5px; color:#222;\">Keywords:<\/div><div style=\"font-size:14px;\">Offshore structure, nonlinear wave theory, finitememory nonlinear system, extreme response<\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:5px; color:#222;\">Abstract<\/div><div style=\"font-size:14px; text-align:justify; color:#333; line-height:1.6;\">Wind-generated random wave loads are the dominant loads to consider for maintaining the reliability of fixed offshore structures. Based on probabilistic techniques, the inherent randomness of the wave loading can be used to predict extreme offshore structural response, which is Gaussian in nature. However, researchers have found that the hydrodynamic component and structural dynamics substantially impact the frequency spectrum, leading to a non-Gaussian stochastic offshore structural response. A finite-memory non-linear system (FMNSNL) has been proven to be an efficient approach to evaluate the non-Gaussian stochastic offshore structural response compared to the conventional method, Monte Carlo time simulation. However, the analysis has been conducted based on short-term distribution only. The most satisfactory analysis is based on long-term distribution. Hence, further investigation in this paper will evaluate the long-term probability distribution of extreme offshore structural responses. As a result, a 100-year extreme offshore structural response prediction achieves 80% to 96% accuracy compared to the Monte Carlo time simulation. The probability distribution has been evaluated using the Gumbel distribution function throughout this investigation. Still, there is a little deviation at the tail end of the distribution between the simulated response values and the fitted line. A different distribution function, such as the Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) distribution, is advised for future work.<\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n    <section style=\"margin-bottom:20px;\"><div style=\"font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:10px; color:#222;\">References<\/div><div style=\"font-size:14px; color:#333; background:#ffffff; padding:0; text-align:justify;\">\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px 0; text-indent:-2.5em; padding-left:2.5em; line-height:1.6; text-align:justify; font-size:14px; color:#333; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">Abu Husain, M. 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First passage probability assessment of stationary non-Gaussian process using the third-order polynomial transformation.<\/p>\r\n<\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n<\/article>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37d8a071 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37d8a071\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-391a9464 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"391a9464\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<aside style=\"font-family:sans-serif; color:#333; line-height:1.6; background:#ffffff;\">\r\n\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/joscetech.uitm.edu.my\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2.-JSCET_S_000012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; gap:8px; width:100%; text-align:center; background:#ffffff; color:#800080; border:2px solid #800080; padding:10px 0; text-decoration:none; border-radius:4px; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px; margin-bottom:20px; box-sizing:border-box;\">\r\n\r\n        <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#800080\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"><\/path><polyline points=\"7 10 12 15 17 10\"><\/polyline><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"15\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"3\"><\/line><\/svg>\r\n\r\n        PDF \/ DOWNLOAD\r\n\r\n    <\/a>\r\n\r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\"><strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase;\">Published<\/strong><div>30-09-2023<\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\"><strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase;\">Issue<\/strong><div>Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): JSCET September Issue 2<\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\"><strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase;\">Section<\/strong><div>Articles<\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n    \r\n\r\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:15px; font-size:14px;\">\r\n\r\n        <strong style=\"display:block; font-size:12px; color:#888; text-transform:uppercase; margin-bottom:6px;\">How to Cite<\/strong>\r\n\r\n        \r\n\r\n        <div id=\"jscet_citation_box\" style=\"margin-bottom:10px; font-size:14px; line-height:1.5; color:#222; word-break:break-word; overflow-wrap:anywhere; text-align:justify;\">\r\n\r\n            <div id=\"cite_APA\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:block;\">Mukhlas, N. \u2018., et al. (2023). Prediction of Long-Term Offshore Structural Responses Based on Non-linear Wave Modeling. <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>, 2(2), 14-27. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v2i2.14-27\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v2i2.14-27<\/a><\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div id=\"cite_ACM\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">N. \u2018. Mukhlas, N. I. M. Zaki, M. K. A. Husain, S. Z. A. S. Ahmad, N. C. Teng, M. S. A. Shah, S. Umar, N. M. Noor. 2023. Prediction of Long-Term Offshore Structural Responses Based on Non-linear Wave Modeling. <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>. 2, 2 (2023), 14-27. DOI:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v2i2.14-27\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v2i2.14-27<\/a><\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div id=\"cite_ABNT\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">MUKHLAS, N. \u2018.; ZAKI, N. I. M.; HUSAIN, M. K. A.; AHMAD, S. Z. A. S.; TENG, N. C.; SHAH, M. S. A.; UMAR, S.; NOOR, N. M.. Prediction of Long-Term Offshore Structural Responses Based on Non-linear Wave Modeling. <b>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/b>, v. 2, n. 2, p. 14-27, 2023.<\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div id=\"cite_Chicago\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">Mukhlas, N. \u2018., et al.. \"Prediction of Long-Term Offshore Structural Responses Based on Non-linear Wave Modeling.\" <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i> 2, no. 2 (2023): 14-27. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v2i2.14-27\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v2i2.14-27<\/a><\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div id=\"cite_Harvard\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">Mukhlas, N. \u2018., et al., 2023. Prediction of Long-Term Offshore Structural Responses Based on Non-linear Wave Modeling. <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>, 2(2), pp.14-27.<\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div id=\"cite_IEEE\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">N. \u2018. Mukhlas, N. I. M. Zaki, M. K. A. Husain, S. Z. A. S. Ahmad, N. C. Teng, M. S. A. Shah, S. Umar, N. M. Noor, \"Prediction of Long-Term Offshore Structural Responses Based on Non-linear Wave Modeling,\" <i>J. Sust. Civ. Eng. Tech.<\/i>, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 14-27, 2023. doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v2i2.14-27\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:14px; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; word-break:break-all; overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24191\/jscet.v2i2.14-27<\/a><\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div id=\"cite_MLA\" class=\"jscet-cite-item\" style=\"display:none;\">Mukhlas, Nurul \u2018Azizah, et al.. \"Prediction of Long-Term Offshore Structural Responses Based on Non-linear Wave Modeling.\" <i>Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology<\/i>, vol. 2, no. 2, 2023, pp. 14-27.<\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n        <div style=\"border:1px solid #ddd; border-radius:4px; background:#ffffff; overflow:hidden;\">\r\n\r\n            <div style=\"padding:8px 12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12px; color:#555; background:#f8f9fa; border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">More Citation Formats<\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div style=\"padding:6px 0;\">\r\n\r\n                <select onchange=\"(function(e){var items=document.querySelectorAll('.jscet-cite-item');for(var i=0;i<items.length;i++){items[i].style.display='none';}var selected=document.getElementById('cite_'+e.value);if(selected){selected.style.display='block';}})(this)\" style=\"width:92%; 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